The Senate retains several powers for itself: it ratifies treaties by a two-thirds majority and confirms the appointment of the president by a majority of votes. House approval is also required for ratification of trade agreements and confirmation by the Vice President. The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is the federal agency responsible for national policies and programs that address America`s housing needs, improve and develop communities across the country, and enforce fair housing laws. The ministry plays an important role in supporting homeownership for low- and middle-income families through its mortgage insurance and rent subsidy programs. Under Article II of the Constitution, the President is responsible for the execution and enforcement of laws created by Congress. Fifteen executive departments, each headed by an appointed member of the President`s Office, are responsible for the day-to-day administration of the federal government. They are joined by other executive agencies such as the CIA and the Environmental Protection Agency, whose heads are not part of the cabinet, but who are under the full authority of the president. The president also appoints the heads of more than 50 independent federal commissions, such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as federal judges, ambassadors, and other federal offices. The Office of the President (EOP) consists of the President`s immediate staff and institutions such as the Office of Management and Budget and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.
The Senate has exclusive authority to confirm presidential appointments that require approval and to ratify treaties. However, there are two exceptions to this rule: Parliament must also approve appointments to the Vice-Presidency and any external trade treaty. The Senate also negotiates the impeachment of federal officials dismissed by the House of Representatives. These powers come with several responsibilities, including the constitutional obligation to “from time to time provide Congress with information on the state of the nation and to recommend to it such action as it deems necessary and expedient.” While the president can fulfill this requirement as he wishes, presidents have traditionally delivered a State of the Union address at a joint session of Congress every January (except in the early years) in which they have laid out their agenda for the coming year. There are two parts that are downright revolutionary. The first is the fact that the people are sovereign – not a divine monarch or a combination of kings, lords and commons. The people set the conditions of governance in written constitutions. The second is that the people restrict the exercise of power by their government by laws that are neither capricious nor arbitrary and that apply uniformly, even to leaders and representatives who promulgate and apply the people`s law. Together, these two innovations in political science provide a profound model for self-government: the people are in control, they are the source of authority from which rules are made, and the rules apply to all. Congress, as one of the three equal branches of government, is vested with important powers by the Constitution. All legislative power of the government belongs to Congress, which means that it is the only part of the government that can enact new laws or amend existing laws. Law enforcement agencies promulgate regulations that have the full force of law, but these are only under the authority of laws enacted by Congress.
The president can veto bills passed by Congress, but Congress can also override a veto by a two-thirds majority in the Senate and House of Representatives. The president has the power to sign legislation or veto legislation passed by Congress, although Congress can override a veto by a two-thirds majority of both houses. The executive branch engages in diplomacy with other nations, and the president has the power to negotiate and sign treaties that the Senate ratifies. The President may issue decrees directing agents or clarifying and extending existing laws. The president also has the power to extend pardons and pardons for federal crimes. The United States of America did not import this particular power plan directly from Britain, although British constitutionalism was indispensable to our thinking on this issue. King George III inherited a monarchy limited by the constitutional revolution, the Glorious Revolution of 1688/89, which shifted the place of sovereignty to Britain: the King was no longer the divine-legal, absolute and arbitrary source of law and justice of the past, but Parliament – the House of Commons and the House of Lords – when cooperating with the King. formed the supreme authority in Britain and its empire. This constitutional revolution made us North American settlers incredibly proud to be freedom-loving Englishmen, until, of course, taxes, parliamentary declarations of intent, the cantonment of troops in private homes and snacks changed our minds. In the rule of law, power is the sovereign will of the people, expressed in the form of non-arbitrary laws that, in theory, but not perfect in practice, apply equally to all. This sovereign power also limits the exercise of governmental power so that it does not exceed the authority conferred on it by the people.
Part of the exercise of legislative power by Congress is to prepare an annual budget for the government. To this end, Congress imposes taxes and tariffs to fund basic government services. If not enough money can be raised to fund the government, Congress can also approve loans to make up the difference. Congress can also order spending for specific items: legislated spending, commonly referred to as “allocations,” indicates funds for a specific project rather than a government agency. A bill is first considered by a subcommittee, where it can be passed, amended or rejected completely. If the members of the subcommittee agree to introduce a bill, it is reported to the committee as a whole, where the process is repeated again. At this stage of the process, committees and subcommittees convene hearings to examine the merits and shortcomings of the legislation. They invite experts, lawyers and opponents to appear before the committee and testify, and can force people to appear with subpoena powers if necessary.
The Department of Justice (DOJ) is responsible for enforcing the law and defending the interests of the United States in accordance with the law; ensuring public safety against domestic and foreign threats; take a federal leadership role in crime prevention and control; demand just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behaviour; and to ensure a fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans. The Department administers federal financial support for higher education, oversees educational programs and civil rights laws that promote equal opportunity in student learning opportunities, collects data and sponsors research on U.S. schools to improve the quality of education, and works to complement state and local government efforts. parents and students.